|
A |
| @ |
Used in an
e-mail address, the @ sign joins a user name on the left with the
server that hosts the electronic mailbox. The @ sign is now the
standard protocol worldwide for email addresses. |
|
ACK |
Acknowledgment. A message returned to indicate that changes
requested to a domain
name record are acceptable. Also used in
programming code to indicate that a block of data arrived without
error. |
|
AlterNIC |
Alternative
Network Information Center. An alternative root server system and
registry system outside Internet governance that administers top
level domains not already in use.
See
http://www.alternic.net/ |
|
APNIC |
Asia Pacific
Network Information Center.
See
http://www.apnic.net/ |
|
ARIN |
American
Registry for Internet Numbers. A non-profit registry responsible for
the administration and registration of Internet Protocol (IP)
numbers in North and South America, South Africa, the Caribbean and
all other regions administered currently managed by Network
Solutions, Inc. ee
http://www.arin.net/ |
|
arbitrary name |
Names which
bear no relationship to the products, services, or companies they
identify. Arbitrary names are protectable under trademark law. |
|
arbitration |
A legal
remedy for dispute resolution outside a court in which the parties
submit their grievance to an impartial arbitrator or tribunal. The
decision (award) on the dispute is binding on the parties. |
|
architecture |
The boundary
or interface between two successive sets of subsystems. |
|
ARPA |
Advanced
Research Projects Agency, the central research and development
organization for the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). By 1972, a
"D" was added to indicate the connection to the DOD.
See also
DARPA. |
|
ARPANET |
A pioneering
network of Advanced Research Projects Agency computers under the
authority of the U.S. Department of Defense. Predecessor to the
Internet, ARPANET was an experimental network developed in the late
1960s by the U.S. Department of Defense to create a communications
link which would enable ARPA scientists and research contractors to
share their resources and ideas. The network was designed to survive
breakdowns along any of its connections, in case of a nuclear
attack, through use of individual packet switching computers
interconnected by leased lines. If a connection broke down, the
packets could be automatically re-routed. |
|
ASO |
Address
Supporting Organization. One of three supporting organizations that
submits policy recommendations to the ICANN board. |
|
authentication |
The
verification of the identity of a person or process. |
|
Top |
|
|
|
B |
|
backbone |
In a
hierarchical network, a backbone is the top level transmission path
into which other transit networks feed. |
|
Bigfoot Letter |
A cease and
desist letter or warning notice sent to a domain
owner threatening
legal action if domain
name rights are not terminated within a
specified period, usually 30 days. This was named after a humongous,
hairy humanoid of Western lore, said to live in the mountains of the
Pacific Northwest. |
|
BIND |
Berkeley
Internet Name Domain
. BIND software, developed by the University of
California at Berkeley, implements a DNS server and a resolver
library that enables clients to store and retrieve resources or
objects and share this information with other resources on the
network. The BIND server runs in the background, servicing queries
on a well known network port. Most Internet hosts run BIND. See
http://www.isc.org/bind.html |
|
boot file |
The file
containing contains names, authorizations, and pointers to zone
database files. |
|
bot |
Abbreviation
for robot, the word is used to describe programs, usually run on a
server, that automate tasks such as forwarding or sorting e-mail. |
|
brand |
A name or
symbol used to identify the source of goods or services, and to
differentiate them from those of others. Branding protects a
seller's products against those marketed by competitors and
imitators and helps consumers identify the quality, consistency, and
imagery of a preferred source. |
|
browser |
Software
that lets users look at various types of Internet resources.
Browsers can search for documents and obtain them from other
computers on the network. The most common browsers are Netscape
Navigator and Microsoft Explorer. |
|
BTW |
Abbreviation
for "by the way," an acronym frequently used in e-mail messages. |
|
Top |
|
|
|
C |
|
CERN |
Conseil
Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire (European Center for Particle
Physics) located in Geneva, Switzerland.
See
http://www.cern.ch/ |
|
CIC |
Committee on
Information and Communications, one of eight committees within a
U.S. cabinet-level council which facilitates coordination of
science, space, and technology policies across the Federal
government. |
|
CISE |
Computer and
Information Science and Engineering. A group within the National
Science Foundation.
See
http://www.cise.nsf.gov/ |
|
CIX |
Commercial
Internet Exchange. CIX was originally the agreement between PSI,
Uunet, CERFnet, and US Sprint (Sprintlink), to let the traffic of
any member of one network flow without restriction over the networks
of the other members. CIX represented the vast majority of the
commercial Internet until late in 1994.
See
http://www.cix.org/ |
|
Class A Network |
Part of the
Internet Protocol addressing scheme; a network that can accommodate
16 million hosts. |
|
Class B Network |
Part of the
Internet Protocol addressing scheme; a network that can accommodate
65,000 hosts. |
|
Class C Network |
Part of the
Internet Protocol addressing scheme,; a network that can accommodate
256 hosts; Class C addresses were too small for many organizations,
which opted for Class B instead. When available Class B address
began to be seriously depleted in the early 90s, CIDR (Classless
Inter Domain
Routing) was created to enable groups of Class C
address to be used together. |
|
client |
A computer
system employed in networking; also called a host or a server. A
workstation requesting the contents of a file from a file server is
a client of the file server. |
|
CNRI |
Corporation
for National Research Initiatives. A non-profit organization
dedicated to formulating, planning and carrying out natonal-level
research initiatives on the use of network-based information
technology. CNRI was founded in the 1980s by Robert Kahn (co-author
with Vint Cerf of the TCP/IP protocol) as a civilian Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). CNRI currently houses the
secretariat of the Internet Engineering Task Force.
See
http://cnri.reston.va.us/ |
|
coined name |
Unique, made
up names. These are afforded the strongest possible protection as
trademarks. |
|
configuration file |
Holds the
complete database of second level domain
names registered under a
particular top level domain
. Eachroot server has a configuration
file used to resolve names under given TLDs. |
|
congestion |
when offered
load exceeds the capacity of a data communication path. Congestion
occurs when there is too much traffic on the Internet and all the
server requests cannot be processed quickly. |
|
COM |
A top level
domain
name denoting commercial entities such as corporations. .In
Internet addressing protocol, .COM indicates a site used by
individual proprietors and businesses, large and small. COM is the
largest category of top level domains in the world. |
|
consensus |
An informal
method for identifying approval of a proposal placed before a group.
Consensus is not the same as unanimity. It is sometimes used as a
political tool and may be proclaimed without individual voting but
may not necessarily be an accurate assement of the group's general
desires. |
|
copyright |
Protection
from misuse or appropriation afforded to literary, musical,
artistic, photographic and audiovisual works through numerous
international treates and federal statutes. |
|
CORE |
Internet
Council of Registrars established by the Generic Top Level Domains
Memorandum of Understanding. The operational organization composed
of authorized registrars for managing allocations under gTLDs.
See
http://www.gtld-mou.org/ |
|
country code |
A
two-character abbreviation for a country according to the standards
promulgated by ISO 3166. This alpha code is used as a top level
domain
identifier to assist root servers in finding a specific
computer address. |
|
CREN |
Corporation
for Research and Educational Networking, an organization formed in
October 1989, when Bitnet and CSNET (Computer + Science NETwork)
were combined under one administrative authority. CSNET is no longer
operational, but CREN still runs Bitnet. |
|
CSNET |
Computer
Science Research Network, an initiative to link most of the computer
science departments in the United States by 1986. CSNET is no longer
operational, |
|
CTM |
Community
Trademark. The Maastricht Treaty of 1993 established uniform and
expanded protection in all European Union nations through the filing
of a single trademark application. |
|
cyberglutton |
Authors'
term for an individual or organizaition who registers many domains
in order to retain control over a market area. |
|
cybersleuth |
An
individual who uses the resources available on the World Wide Web
for research. Generally applied to someone who ferrets out
information about organizations, policies and procedures from the
abundance of material available on-line. |
|
cyberspace |
The universe
of information that is available from computer networks and the
society connected with them. William Gibson coined the term in his
landmark novel,
Neuromancer,
published in 1984. |
|
cybersquatter |
A name given
to individuals who attempt to profit from the Internet by reserving
and later reselling or licensing domain
names back to the companies
that invested time and money in developing the goodwill of the
trademark. (Defined by the court in Intermatic v. Toeppen No. 96 C
1982, 1996 WL 716892 at *6 (N.D.Ill. Nov. 26, 1996). |
|
cybervosity |
A noun
coined by the authors and applied to very long second level domain
names. |
|
Top |
|
|
|
D |
|
. |
The "dot" is
a standard Internet protocol used worldwide to indicate the top
domain
file in the DNS. It is a deliminiter which identifies an
address path to a particular file on a specific computer. |
|
DARPA |
Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency, the central research and
development organization for the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD).
DARPA develops innovative and often high risk technological research
ideas and protytpe systems for use by the military. Formerly known
as ARPA, it was funded much of the development which led to the
Internet we use today.
See
http://www.darpa.mil/ |
|
DDN |
U.S. Defense
Data Network |
|
descriptive name |
A name which
describes a product, service, or company. Descriptive names often
are generally not protectable under trademark law unless they
develop a secondary meaning through widespread use. (S
ee secondary
meaning.) |
|
DIG |
Domain
Internet Groper. DIG is a Unix-based program that allows users to
learn information from a DNS site. |
|
dilution |
The
"whittling away" of a mark's distinctiveness or capacity to identify
and distinguish goods or services, due primarily to another's use of
a similar or identical mark, even when the goods or services are not
related and there is no likelihood of confusion.. The legal doctrine
of dilution is recognized in the statutes or case law of 31 states. |
|
distributed database |
Several
different data repositories linked together seamlessly so that it
works for the user as if it were one single database. A prime
example in the Internet is the Domain
Name System. |
|
DNCRI |
Division of
Networking and Communications Research and Infrastructure of the
National Science Foundation. |
|
DNRC |
Domain
Name
Rights Coalition, a public policy advocacy group.
See
domain
-name.org/">http://www.domain
-name.org/ |
|
DNS |
Domain
Naming System. The DNS is a general purpose distributed, replicated,
data query service. The principal use is the lookup of host IP
addresses based on host names. The style of host names now used in
the Internet is called "domain
name". which offers a means of
mapping an easy to remember name to an Internet Protocol number. The
DNS is administered by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. |
|
DNSO |
Domain
Name
Supporting Organization. One of three supporting organizations that
submit policy recommendations to the ICANN board. See
http://www.dnso.org/ |
|
DOC |
U.S.
Department of Commerce. In the summer of 1997, the DOC conducted a
public inquiry into the Registration and Administration of Internet
Domain
Names. See
also
NOI.
See
http://www.doc.gov/ |
|
DOD |
U.S.
Department of Defense.
See
http://www.defenselink.mil/ |
|
doctrine of laches |
A legal
assertion that one party's failure to take action in a timely manner
causes harm to the opposing party. |
|
doctrine of unclean hands |
A legal
assertion that one party's actions were egregious and the matter
therefore should not be heard. |
|
domain
|
A region of
jurisdiction for name assignment and content on the World Wide Web;
an Internet location that has name server (NS) records associated
with it. |
|
domain
name |
A unique
alpha-numeric designation to facilitate reference to the sets of
numbers that actually locate a particular computer connected to the
global information network; any name representing any record that
exists within the Domain
Name System (DNS). |
|
domain
name space |
All DNS host
names fit into a name hierarchy, or tree, known as the domain
name
space. |
|
domain
server |
A computer
system that hold all the records associated with a |
| |
particular
domain
and answers queries about those names. |
|
domain
trafficking |
The
aftermarket in domain
name registrations where people offer to sell
and buy rights to the registered names. |
|
dot address |
A dotted
decimal notation, the common notation for Internet Protocol
addresses of the form A.B.C.D; where each letter represents, in
decimal, one byte of a four byte IP address. See also dotted octet. |
|
dotted octet |
The Internet
Protocol addressing approach for Internet computers. |
|
Top |
|
|
|
E |
|
eDNS |
Enhanced
Domain
Naming System. An alternative root server system outside
Internet governance that administers top level domain
names not
already in use. |
|
EDU |
A top level
domain
name abbreviation denoting education in Internet addressing
protocol. It is used exclusively for four-year degree-granting
universities, colleges and other institutions of higher learning. |
|
EFF |
Electronic
Frontier Foundation, an advocacy organization established to address
social and legal issues arising from the impact on society of the
increasingly pervasive use of computers as a means of communication
and distribution of information. |
|
estoppel |
A legal
action to restrain an opposing party's contradictions |
|
ETSI |
European Telecommunications
Standards Institute. See
http://www.etsi.org/ or
http://www.etsi.fr/ |
|
EU |
European
Union. In 1993 by the Maastricht Treaty established a continental
union with economic, monetary and political ties and
intergovernmental coordination of foreign and security policies
among 15 European countries. |
|
EUNET |
European
UNIX Network, Europe's largest Internet Service Provider. |
|
EUROISPA |
European Internet Services
Provider Association. See
http://www.euroispa.org/ |
|
expedited arbitration |
A form of
arbitration in which the process is conducted and the decision
(award) is rendered in a particularly short time and at reduced
cost. The World Intellectual Property Organization uses expedited
arbitration as one of its methods of dispute resolution. |
|
Top |
|
|
|
F |
|
FAQs |
Acronym for
Frequently Asked Questions. |
|
finger |
A software
tool used for finding the e-mail address of people on the Internet. |
|
flame |
An online
insult usually delivered by way of e-mail or a newsgroup posting.
Flaming is considered poor "netiquette". (See also "netiquette"). |
|
FNC |
Federal
Networking Council. A coordinating body serving as a forum for
networking collaboration of the federal mission agencies. FNC
membership consists of one representative from each of 17 U.S.
federal agencies, including the Department of Energy, Department of
Education, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Department of
Commerce, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, National
Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation and other federal
agencies whose programs require interconnected networks.
See
http://www.fnc.gov/ |
|
forum |
A court of
justice or judicial tribunal; a place of jurisdiction or place where
legal remedy is pursued. |
|
FTP |
File
Transfer Protocol. The standard rules that govern the transfer of
files and programs over the Internet. FTP allows files to be moved
from one computer to another over a network, regardless of the types
of computers or operating systems involved in the exchange. FTP is
also the name of the program a user invokes to execute the protocol. |
|
Top |
|
|
|
G |
|
GOV |
A top level
domain
name in Internet addressing protocol indicating a site used
by governmental institutions, specifically non-military government
sites. |
|
gopher |
A menu-based
system used for organizing and retrieving files and programs on the
Internet. Gopher allows access to files found on FTP servers, as
well as to files normally accessed through Telnet, Archie or WAIS
programs |
|
gTLD |
generic top
level domain
. An internationally allocated portion of namespace. The
IAHC proposed the creation of seven new gTLDs: .FIRM, .STORE, .WEB,
.ARTS, .REC, .INFO and .NOM.
See
http://www.gtld-mou.org/ |
|
Guardian |
The security
authorization and authentication mechanism developed by Network
solutions to protect domain
name, contact and host records from
unauthorized modification. Guardian is available free to all NSI
registrants. |
|
Top |
|
|
|
H |
|
hacker |
A person who
delights in having an intimate understanding of the internal
workings of a computers and computer networks in particular. It is
also used in the pejorative context to describe a person who breaks
into a computer network without authorization and tampers with the
system or its contents. |
|
handle |
A unique
database identifier used by the InterNIC for database functions.
Every domain
registrant has a NIC handle that is created the first
time the full organization information is submitted to InterNIC and
subsequently incorporated into all associated records. The InterNIC
handle (or NIC handle) is computer-generated by the registry and
typically uses the domain
holder's initials followed by a number. |
|
hierarchy |
A body of
persons or things ranked in grades, orders, or classes, one above
the other; in natural sciences and logic, a system or series of
terms of successive rank (as classes, orders, genera, species,
etc.), used in classification. |
|
hierarchical routing |
The method
used to reduce the size of the networks and simplify the routing
process. Each network is subdivided into a hierarchy of networks,
where each level is responsible for its own routing. The Internet
has, basically, three levels: the backbone, the mid-level, and the
transit or stub networks. The backbones route between the
mid-levels, the mid-levels route between the sites, and each site
routes internally. |
|
hjacking |
The act of
acquiring a second-level Internet domain
name identical to a famous
name or trademark for the purpose of obtaining a financial
settlement from the owner the name |
|
hits |
The number
of times a web page is accessed by any one connected to the World
Wide Web. |
|
hold status |
Suspension
or deactivation of rights to use a domain
name that has been
challenged by a trademark owner. A domain
name placed by NSI on hold
status is unavailable for use by any party. |
|
home page |
The front
web page of an Internet site, which provides links to other pages
within the site. |
|
host |
In early
ARPANET terminology, a computer that allows users to communicate
with other host computers in a network. Individual users communicate
by using programs such as e-mail, Telnet and FTP. More recently,
this machine is called either a server or a client. |
|
host name |
The name
given to a machine which is the part of the Internet address located
immediately left of the "dot." |
|
hosts |
One or more
zone host files. Each file contains data about machines in its zone.
The location and names of these files are specified in the boot
file. |
|
HTML |
Hypertext
Markup Language, the programming language used to create content for
the World Wide Web. |
|
HTTP |
Hypertext
Transfer protocol. The set of rules that govern the transfer of most
documents traveling over the Internet. It appears at the beginning
of every Internet address. |
|
hypertext |
Text that
links one document directly to another at a different computer
location. |
|
Top |
|
|
|
|
Article ID: 002
By: admin
Created:
December 1, 2006
at
9:40pm
Rating:
0.0000
|
Glossary for Internet Names
